{
  "schema": "haltseal.public-research-sources.v1",
  "reviewed_on": "2026-10-03",
  "scope": "Primary public sources and bounded editorial interpretation; not product qualification.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "nacha-h1",
      "publisher": "Nacha",
      "url": "https://www.nacha.org/news/large-gains-same-day-ach-help-drive-ach-network-second-quarter-2026",
      "supported_claim": "4.3 billion B2B ACH payments in H1 2026; +10.3% YoY",
      "limit": "Network activity, not unsafe replacement incidence or HALTSEAL TAM."
    },
    {
      "id": "afp-checks",
      "publisher": "Association for Financial Professionals",
      "url": "https://www.financialprofessionals.org/training-resources/resources/survey-research-economic-data/Details/digitalpayments",
      "supported_claim": "Surveyed organizations report 26% of B2B payments made by check; 2025 survey with 223 financial-professional respondents",
      "limit": "Survey finding; not all-payment census or check-to-ACH risk rate."
    },
    {
      "id": "afp-geography",
      "publisher": "Nacha",
      "url": "https://www.nacha.org/content/business-business-b2b",
      "supported_claim": "AFP survey geography: U.S. and Canada",
      "limit": "Geographic scope of survey, not global incidence."
    },
    {
      "id": "nacha-2025",
      "publisher": "Nacha",
      "url": "https://www.nacha.org/content/ach-network-volume-and-value-statistics",
      "supported_claim": "2025 B2B ACH: 8.08 billion payments and $63.11 trillion value",
      "limit": "Transferred value is not software revenue, loss or addressable market."
    },
    {
      "id": "xelix-leakage",
      "publisher": "Xelix",
      "url": "https://xelix.com/resources/accounts-payable-insights/financial-leakage-report",
      "methodology_url": "https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/new-report-reveals-how-businesses-can-reclaim-53-billion-lost-to-preventable-ap-errors-302726197.html",
      "published_on": "2026-03-26",
      "supported_claim": "Vendor estimate of up to $53 billion in annual broad AP leakage at large U.S. and UK businesses, extrapolated from internal benchmarks across 481 million invoices processed through 2025",
      "population": "Businesses with turnover above $130 million (£100 million) and more than 250,000 invoices annually",
      "limit": "Vendor extrapolation including duplicates, invoice errors, missed credits and fraud; not directly measured all-business losses, cross-path incidence, HALTSEAL TAM or preventable savings."
    },
    {
      "id": "fedwire",
      "publisher": "Federal Reserve Financial Services",
      "url": "https://www.frbservices.org/financial-services/fedwire-funds-service/fedwire-funds-service-business-continuity-guide/",
      "supported_claim": "Alternate-arrangement resends with uncertain original processing risk duplicate messages; controlled recovery procedures also exist",
      "limit": "Participant continuity guidance; not enterprise-wide frequency or implementation validation."
    },
    {
      "id": "apqc",
      "publisher": "APQC",
      "url": "https://www.apqc.org/resources/benchmarking/open-standards-benchmarking/measures/percentage-total-annual-number",
      "supported_claim": "Median 1.5% of annual supplier-disbursement count duplicate or erroneous; sample 1,686 companies",
      "limit": "Combined errors and duplicates by count, not payment value, cross-path incidence, dollar loss or quantified savings. Public measure does not identify a benchmark year."
    },
    {
      "id": "check-ach-record",
      "publisher": "New Trier Township High School District 203",
      "url": "https://resources.finalsite.net/images/v1779197746/newtrierk12ilus/g1e9euulafck5orpxobs/April2026APcheckregisters.pdf",
      "supported_claim": "PDF pages 1–2: $7,350 check 201605 void and $7,350 ACH reissue, posting date April 2, 2026",
      "limit": "Accounting replacement, not proof of unsafe overlap or a duplicate; no bank closure or release timestamps."
    },
    {
      "id": "modern-treasury",
      "publisher": "Modern Treasury",
      "url": "https://www.moderntreasury.com/journal/edge-cases-in-complex-payment-operations",
      "supported_claim": "July 2022 historical late-failure misassociation and one duplicate; source reports backtesting, guards and alerts",
      "limit": "Historical mitigated incident inside payment operations; not external portal incident, current flaw or incidence rate."
    },
    {
      "id": "kyriba",
      "publisher": "Kyriba",
      "url": "https://www.kyriba.com/news/kyriba-jpmorgan-morgan-money-treasury-investment/",
      "supported_claim": "Vendor reports 4,000 customers and $51 trillion in annual payments across 10,000 banks",
      "limit": "Vendor-reported category context; not HALTSEAL TAM or missing control evidence."
    },
    {
      "id": "ramp",
      "publisher": "Ramp",
      "url": "https://support.ramp.com/bill-payment-methods-and-timelines/",
      "supported_claim": "Outside payments can be manually marked paid; bill retains approval chain",
      "limit": "Does not prove a vulnerability or absence of other controls."
    }
  ],
  "unknowns": [
    "Enterprise-wide frequency of unsafe cross-path replacement payments",
    "Quantified savings or measured loss reduction",
    "Whether existing controls are insufficient in a given environment",
    "Qualified native adapters, bank-source check closure and live enforcement"
  ]
}